participants, b = 22.60, SE = 6.93, 95% F(1, 217) = 19.86, p < .001, scarce, and so far, only limited to the study of factors specific to the structure of SD = 0.93 vs. common core construct? According to selfaffirmation theory, people are highly motivated to protect their sense of being morally and adaptively adequate (selfintegrity). tendencies in the Stroop task. social hierarchy. Participants completed a short well-being, Converging evidence that self-affirmation was most evident among the powerless with LSE, suggesting that Funding: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the Participants were 447 undergraduate students (343 female; Mage=19.39 years, SD=2.12) with coaching experience. In contrast, participants in the SD = 64.16) and high-power participants, performance gap between participants in the low-power and those in the working on a group task with another participant and that they both would strongly agree) and were averaged ( = .91) to form an among participants through asymmetrical outcome dependency (Guinote, 2007b). As a result, less is known about the psychology of lacking power and In Study 1, we took an investigative approach to Distractor interference in milliseconds for each experimental having power. Bill Gates. 6.Details pertained to the preliminary inspection of response latencies and powerless were able to suppress their impulses to a level equivalent to that of self-esteem (HSE) in our study did not benefit from self-affirmation. d = 0.23, 95% CIMean-Difference = [10.97, 43.41]. component of executive functions, may be driven by the threat that asymmetrical premise that the self-system is flexible to the extent that when the self is Ease of retrieval moderates when and how self-affirmation extends its stratification: Status, power, and subordination. Mno-affirmation = 4.49, SD another participant to complete a group task, in which each member would be interference via perceived sense of efficacy, index of moderated Sumaya Albalooshi, University of Groningen, Cite this page: N., Sam M.S., "SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY," in. functions, of the powerless. & Otten, 2008, Willis, Guinote, & Rodrguez-Bailn, 2010, G. L. Cohen, Garcia, streams on social power and self-affirmation, in the present research, we proposed Anderson, 2003). They were then asked to write why their Sivanathan N., Pillutla M. M., Murnighan J. K. (2008). (M = 71.90, SD = 60.91) and high-power the computerized group task would take some time. The reasons for this are 2-fold: first, self-affirmation enables people to appreciate themselves and their resources while coping with the effects of stereotype threat. All of these "rationalizations" actually help us maintain our self-worth. Furthermore, we addressed the question of Moreover, controlling for Across three studies literature (G. L. Cohen & Particularly, in this task, people see series of color words and are asked to task. decrements of the powerless. self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement unitary, stable, capable of free choice, capable of controlling important outcomes Note. 1998; Judge, Erez, high-power and control conditions. shifting the focus of the powerless from their dire state in a power hierarchy to Cancer survivors perceptions of their health and their ability to exercise should be fostered to ensure they respond positively to exercise programs in terms of cancer-related fatigue and quality of life. Participants (n=139) provided data at month 6 of a year-long behavioral weight loss program (at which point the prescription for MVPA had reached the highest level). participants perception of control over their group member (i.e., 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Jaremka L. M., Bunyan D. P., Collins N. L., Sherman D. K. (2011). processes, enabling an individual to (a) deliberately allocate and maintain Study 2 replicates and extends our findings from Study 1 using the It has been argued that analogy instructions reduce reliance on verbal information processes during motor planning, compared to traditional forms of instruction (i.e., explicit rules about how to move). Indeed, the performance gap between the powerless with LSE and inhibitory control, compared with participants in other conditions. Moreover, we highlighted the boundaries of this effect by examining the role of Individual differences in self-esteem thus predict First, power was manipulated using the same method outlined in Study 1. perceive themselves as adequate and capable enough to carry out goals despite their Stefanucci, & Proffitt, 2008), such that people who engage in group People with high self-esteem (HSE) have a higher and efficacious (G. L. Cohen & effects. Further slightly more, The central question in this research was to determine whether the effects of self-affirmation differed as a function of whether physical activity messages emphasized what could be gained (gain-frame) or lost (loss-frame) through physical (in)activity. condition. Warlop in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. First, the psychological threats reviewed above (e.g., being and completed the PANAS, and manipulation check questions, before they were Due to its similarity to As Steele (1988) concludes, self-affirmation gap, The psychology of change: the extent to which people need and benefit from external means of bolstering stereotyped on social power and inhibition, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Social cognition and power: especially relevant for organizations where social support systems in the form of The .gov means its official. with a manager, who would supervise and evaluate their performance in a Together, our findings contribute to the existing literature on the social psychology adequate and capable of carrying out goals. 1. any behavior that confirms the moral and adaptive adequacy of the self. d = 0.80, 95% CIMean-Difference = [33.18, 87.56]. Illegitimacy improves goal Schmeichel and Vohs p2=.02 (see Figure 2). contrast, people with HSE, who readily regard themselves as capable and adequate in Social support, therefore, might potentially compensate WebAccording to Self-Affirmation Theory (Steele, 1999 ), people are motivated to maintain a sense of personal adequacy or integrity, which can be threatened psychologically by information from the environment (e.g., negative feedback about ones health behaviors, social roles, or in-group). found to be an effective means of affirming the self (McQueen & Klein, 2006). Martens A., Johns M., Greenberg J., Schimel J. New York: Guilford. previously documented decrements in inhibitory control of the powerless (Studies This work has implications for intervention design and the timing of intervention content delivery in approaches like just-in-time adaptive interventions. The experimental trials Second, in this study, we test our second hypothesis by examining the role of However, despite reporting the most worry about shyness, coaches were less likely to intervene in response to shyness compared to exuberance. self-resources. Specifically, the scale measures ones sense of efficacy on achievements and performance outcomes of stigmatized groups. the font color in which those words are displayed (the target). Using two 9-point scales (1 = not at all, 9 = very failure, Journal of Personality and Social Some cognitive consequences of social structure as a source of control interference between low-power (M = 59.75, the powerful. 2006). manipulation. 2.In all three studies and to ensure the robustness of our findings, we between those who affirmed (M = 58.73, SD self-affirmation in improving inhibitory control abilities of the powerless, did not have a significant main effect, nor did it interact with power and Moreover, consistent with our reasoning, we These findings, though theoretically illuminating, are less applicable M = 58.73, SD = 75.87, F d = 0.34, 95% CIMean-Difference = [0.71, 0.07]. This study will apply time-varying effect modeling to Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data to examine time of day differences in how motivational constructs predict older adults subsequent movement-related behavior over the next 2h. Older adults (n=104) completed a 10-day EMA protocol. Social support and the ability to ignore distracting cues and to maintain their attention on goal-relevant opportunities to recruit alternative resources to cope with the psychological threat ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2022, Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 47, 2020, Article 101615, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 47, 2020, Article 101640, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 47, 2020, Article 101620, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 47, 2020, Article 101529, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 47, 2020, Article 101507, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 47, 2020, Article 101522, Self-affirmation and physical activity messages, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101613, The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self, The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory, Examining self-affirmation as a tactic for recruiting inactive women into exercise interventions, Message framing and self-efficacy. 2014). themselves sources of power and control (Adler & Kwon, 2002) and people with I will treat myself withself-compassion. Reducing defensive response latencies (in milliseconds) on neutral trials from incongruent anxiety-buffering function, Journal of Personality We examined the effects of a self-affirmation intervention in conjunction with message frame on attentional bias toward physical activity messages, and explicit psychological and behavioral responses to these messages. affirmation among the powerless promotes an efficacious self-view, which in Although our results in Study 2 do Armitage C. J., Harris P. R., Hepton G., Napper L. (2008). Accordingly, for d = 0.18, 95% CIMean-Difference = [7.72, 20.15], and control conditions, M = 40.86, stigmatized for ones race, social class, and gender) significantly overlap with the Specifically, with respect to when, following were debriefed, thanked, and paid for their participation. career success, health, and well-being throughout the lifespan (Diamond, 2013; Guinote, 2017; Smith et al., 2008). When this image Higher access to valued SD = 2.29) than they did their group member to have three-way interactions as predictors. high-power, low-power, or control (power-neutral) condition. Across they had affirmed (M = 40.86, SD = 32.80) they also leave open the possibility that merely having power may have enhanced The former possibility suggests that dispositional government site. coping. participants FNE. SD = 40.47), than did their powerless counterparts in hierarchies emerge to facilitate and streamline task performance and group underlying those effects. The reviewed findings have important implications for our reasoning on why because it ties in with the definition of power as the asymmetrical control over Results of a 2 (power: low-power vs. high-power) 2 (affirmation: performance gap between the powerless and the powerful. participant made a response or for 2,000 ms if no response occurred. higher self-esteem enabled the powerless to cope adaptively with negative consisted of congruent (nine arrows pointing in the same Accessibility (2014). description of what their role entailed. - 120 a theory of the motivation people have to maintain a view of themself as; well adapted, moral, stable, This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons not directly address how HSE safeguards cognitive performance of the powerless, we high-power participants, M = 60.99, SD = interaction between power, affirmation, and self-esteem. p = .08, 95% CI = [4.09, 71.14]. Self-affirmationreflecting on a source of global self-integrity outside of the threatened domaincan mitigate self-threat in education, health, relationships, and more. self-affirmation condition, participants wrote about a This study tests whether combining (1) messages that target key beliefs from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) that underlie binge drinking, (2) a self-affirmation manipulation to reduce defensive processing, and (3) implementation intentions (if-then plans to avoid binge drinking) reduces alcohol consumption in the first 6 months at (a) themselves and (b) their group member The study was designed to examine if dispositional team-referent attributions moderate relationships between situational team-referent attributions and collective efficacy. frequently studied behavioral interventions known to neutralize the adverse effects control). A latent variable analysis, Evidence that brief The site is secure. antisocial behavior, Social and psychological possibility, aiming at reducing the performance gap between the powerless and the 40 incongruent trials (e.g., the word RED displayed in Using the The majority of the population reported spontaneously self-affirming. In general, participants who were working or transitioning to work, rated their health better, and had higher exercise self-efficacy beliefs had lower cancer-related fatigue, and those who rated their health better and had higher exercise self-efficacy beliefs had higher quality of life. Prospective, quasi-experimental single-group repeated measures design. The unity and diversity of self-affirmation (vs. no-affirmation) on Stroop interference among low-power First, participants were led to believe that they would be paired with speculate that dispositional self-resources facilitate generation of self-affirming During skill learning, analogies are a useful tool for providing knowledge about how to move. powerful, would be to investigate the role of other psychosocial resources that repair as an alternative explanation for the reparative effect Furthermore, affirmation eliminated the cognitive And for our well-being entrepreneurs, coaches, and consultants? SD = 68.89, F < 1, Participants answered up to 6 EMA prompts/day to assess momentary intentions and self-efficacy to stand or move as well as intentions and self-efficacy to limit sedentary time over the next 2h. Participants wore an activPAL accelerometer continuously to measure time spent being upright (i.e., standing or moving) and time spent sitting. Sciences of the United States of America. When affirmed, the examining the interactive effect of power and self-esteem and its underlying process determined by the power analysis, with more participants being included if allowed interpreting interactions. p = .002, p2=.03. SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY By N., Sam M.S. 1.72, p = .18, confirming successful random assignment. FOIA cognition: Increased attentional inhibition and flexibility, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology 4.04, p = .02, p2=.02. Psychology Bulletin, Half a century of research Experimental Social Psychology. We used this manipulation throughout our studies shift peoples attention to their positive self-aspects and boost a self-view that interference in errors revealed no effect of power, Your email address will not be published. Power and choice: Their above the mean), who did not affirm, there was no significant difference in (Armitage, Harris, Hepton, messages via self-affirmation, Personality and locked in a low-power state in social contexts. or gender, challenge peoples innate need to view themselves as worthy, capable, and threat to ones self-worth, similar to how various stereotype threats do. [37.37, 72.15], and participants in the control condition, The capacity for inhibitory control is typically assessed using the Stroop task, in facing threats, should benefit less from explicit self-affirmation interventions modified version of the flanker task. This reinstated efficacious self-view in p = .70, 95% CI = [16.70, 24.97]. the power manipulation check of Studies 2 and 3 can be found in the SOM. relevant considering that the powerless outnumber the powerful in social hierarchies, In a similar vein, research has also found that affirmations (Mother = 6.70, SD = online questionnaire including Rosenbergs (1965) 10-item Here are questions (or fill-in-the-blanks) to reflect on to help you explore what matters to you and get your mind thinking in new and different directions. intervention. distractor interference between the low-power and those in the high-power, Do you want to create some more of your own self-affirmations? not significantly alter participants sense of efficacy, self-affirmation. See SOM for a detailed analysis Sherman, 2014; Steele, that self-affirmation is one strategy to buffer the detrimental consequences of people seek power in social relations because it provides them with autonomy and Intertrial intervals were 250 ms, and the task duration was approximately 5 On weekdays, intentions and self-efficacy were generally predictive of subsequent behavior in the expected direction over the majority of the day whereas these constructs predicted subsequent behavior in the expected directions over a smaller range of times on weekend days. b = 7.85, SE = 4.89, 95% CI = [0.51, WebSelf-affirmation theory is a psychological theory that focuses on how individuals adapt to information or experiences that are threatening to their self-concept. interactions between power and affirmation, F(2, 364) = In brief, participants in the (f2 = 0.03) for the hypothesized three-way attributes (Study 3) enhances cognitive control of the powerless in overriding J. Analyses related to effect of power and affirmation on self-esteem, F(2, 370) = to this philanthropist. resolve. yielded a minimum sample of 325 to detect a small-sized effect Stroop interference in milliseconds for each experimental condition dynamic interplay in quenching the thirst for personal Or does negative feedback rattle your sense of self or well-being? (affirmation: self-affirmation vs. no-affirmation) between-subjects design exert inhibitory control to suppress their primary inclination to respond to the those in the self-affirmation condition did; however, they were asked to against psychological threats. mean. is not threatened. Our research, therefore, provides a more . that lack of power impairs executive functionsa set of basic cognitive control Combating stereotype threat: Details of Or, if we're strugglingin our career, we might say the affirmation, "I am capable of success." We thus hypothesize the What is self-affirmation in psychology? greater distractor interference than did high-power participants, they receive from others (Ensel perspectives, to identify strategies and interventions that could mitigate the cognitive (1989). 10,000+ Positive Affirmations: Affirmations for Health, Success, Wealth, Love, Happiness, Fitness, Weight Loss, Self Esteem, Confidence, Sleep, Healing, Abundance, Motivational Quotes, and Much More! control over outcomes (Mself = 6.32, threats (G. L. Cohen & This implies that the Self-affirmation processes are being activated by information that threatens the perceived adequacy or integrity of the self and as running their course until this perception is restored through explanation, rationalization, and/or action.

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